X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV) Orbit

X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV) Orbit X-37B ORBITAL TEST VEHICLE COMPLETES 625 DAYS IN ORBIT Wg Cdr PA Patil X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), a spacecraft operated by the US Air Force was launched aboard the Atlas-V on December 11, 2012 and is stealthily zooming in orbit rising speculations on its clandestine nature of operations. Designed on the contours of Space Shuttle, X-37B is an unmanned spacecraft with a much smaller size fielding advanced technology in a compact airframe structure. X-37B is modified version in the series of X-37 space craft with the earlier version X-37A being used as an Approach Landing and Test Vehicle (ALTV). The USAF claims that this spacecraft is a technology demonstrator of robotic space plane aimed at validating and corroborating the endurance of reusable space vehicle technology. As on date a total of three X-37B missions have been flown. The first mission launched on April 22, 2010 spent a total of 224 days in space and this was followed up with a second mission launched on March 05, 2011 to complete 469 days in the orbit. The third mission continues to or bit in space and has spent in excess of 625 days creating a longevity record. The space craft conceived by NASA in the year 1999 was designed and developed as a reusable re-entry spacecraft by Boeing Integrated Defense System. The project in the year 2004 was transferred to Defence Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA) and was accorded a classified status by the US Air force. The X-37B is 8.9 meters in length, spans 4.5 meters in width, and is 2.9 meters tall weighing 4990 kg.[1] This mini-Space Shuttle like space plane is characterized by the likes of both an aircraft and a spacecraft has been designed for a vertical launch using an expendable launch rocket. The spacecraft is designed to operate in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at an altitude of 175 to 800 km and is slated to operate at a nominal speed of 7.4 to 7.8 km/s at these orbital altitudes.[2] Once released into the Low Earth Orbit (LEO), the X-37B can stay in orbits for a prolonged duration spread over months. It would derive the power from a specially designed solar array and also carries lithium-ion batt eries to conserve the propellant fuel.[3] Further, it has been designed for aircraft like maneuverability in space and thus would be capable of changing speeds and the altitude or orbits. As the speed of an object irrespective of mass and size at a given altitude in space is fixed, this space plane can continue in its orbit for an indefinite period till it is commanded to change its course or position. The space craft de-orbits from space under the command from ground and would autonomously re-enter the atmosphere in a glider configuration to land horizontally on a runway. As per the latest data extracted on Aug 16, 2014, the X-37B was found to be in an elliptical orbit with a perigee of 313 km and an apogee of 327 km orbiting at the rate of 15.83 revolutions per day.[4] Further, observations of amateur satellite trackers indicate that the X-37B has made only one or two maneuvers. If these observations are true then the spacecraft would have conserved sufficient reserves of thruster propellant for future maneuverability.[5] The sustenance of X-37B in orbit for such a long duration also suggests that the spacecraft is maintaining a persistent orbital profile. The X-37B program from the very beginning has intrigued the world on the secretive nature of its mission and profiles. As per the X-37B OTV factsheet displayed on website of US Air Force, â€Å"the program is to evaluate and test technology of advance guidance, navigation and control, thermal protection systems, avionics, high temperature structures and seals, conformal reusable insulation and lightweight electromechanical flight systems†.[6] However, majority of these stated assessments involve the evaluations in the de-orbiting phase when the spacecraft will be subjected to the re-entry effects and would be required to glide for a controlled landing on the airstrip. Thus, the rationale for sustaining the spacecraft in orbit for such a prolonged duration defeats the proclamation of ‘developing and validating the reusable space vehicle technology’ by the US authorities. A space plane can be planned for numerous tasks that would include maintenance of space assets, extend logistic support for improving life cycle of satellites and space stations, carry out ISR missions, act as a platform for insertion of satellites or act as a space weapon platform. As the mission of X-37B has been closely guarded secret, a number of articles and reports have contemplated the use of this spacecraft as a space weapon platform. The payload bay of the OTV is limited by the size of 7 feet by 4 feet.[7] This size of payload bay would not be in a position to accommodate heavy and large weapon systems. While the platform could be designed to carry small automated weapon systems, the functionality of onboard weapon systems would entail additional payloads in terms of sensors and communication equipment. Further, use of X-37B as a weapon platform would not confer any kind of distinct advantage to United States as it is way ahead in space ventures when compared to its closest adversary. The probability of X-37B acting as an ISR platform is very high as the technologically advanced compact sensor systems can be suitably accommodated in its payload bay. Further, the ground track followed by the space plane is shown below in figure 1 indicates a comprehensive coverage of the middle east countries, the Chinese subcontinent and east Asian subcontinent. While, the exact mission of this space plane would be difficult to judge, the evaluation and experimentations with technology would definitely provide an edge to the United States for its future space ventures. Figure 1. Ground track of X-37B[8] [1]â€Å"X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle†, US Air Force, at http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104539/x-37b-orbital-test-vehicle.aspx accessed on Aug 26, 2014 [2] â€Å"X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle†, at http://www.boeing.com/boeing/defense-space/ic/sis/x37b_otv/x37b_otv.page [3] â€Å"X-37B OTV Spacecraft Information†, at http://www.spaceflight101.com/x-37b-otv-spacecraft-information.html accessed on August 26, 2014 [4] â€Å"X-37B Orbit†, at https://heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=39025lat=0lng=0loc=Unspecifiedalt=0tz=UCTcul=en accessed on August 26, 2014 [5] Mike Wall, â€Å"US Air Forces Mysterious X-37B Space Plane Passes 500 Days in Orbit†, at http://www.space.com/25611-x37b-military-space-plane-500-days.html accessed on August 26, 2014 [6] â€Å"X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle†, US Air Force, at http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/FactSheets/Display/tabid/224/Article/104539/x-37b-orbital-test-vehicle.aspx accessed on Aug 26, 2014 [7] â€Å"X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle†, at http://www.boeing.com/boeing/defense-space/ic/sis/x37b_otv/x37b_otv.page [8] â€Å"X-37B Orbit†, at https://heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=39025lat=0lng=0loc=Unspecifiedalt=0tz=UCTcul=en accessed on August 26, 2014

Whats Really Good Essay

   (1) (a) One passage from Nouwen I found particularly informative to my learning was from the middle of paragraph one of page 103. Nouwen explains, â€Å"Poverty is the inner disposition that allows us to take away our defenses and convert our enemies into friends. We can only perceive the stranger as an enemy as long as we have something to defend.† Here Nouwen is explaining that a reason for hostility is because we are afraid that others will take away what we have. This can be anything to actual tangent property, or our beliefs of what we are, such as the thought that we are the best math student. We are hesitant to help another student out because we are afraid they may threaten our belief that we are the best student. Nouwen is saying that if we become poor, as in overcome our fear of losing something, we can become great hosts of hospitality. If we are willing to give up everything we have, no longer will strangers become threats. It becomes easier to give and create an open space for our guest to be themselves, once we have invited in poverty and faced the fear of loss. Moving from hostility to hospitality is a major theme of Nouwen’s book. (b) A Christine doctrine implicit in this passage is the doctrine of original sin. Unfortunately, we all believe we can create our own reality and exist as a God in our own right. As a result of this belief we fail to recognize the dignity and commonality in all beings. Our original sin causes us to shun others out believing that we do not need them and can manage sufficiently in isolation. In reality this hurts both ourselves and others from not realizing our interdependent nature. (c) After reading this passage I began to realize how often I do this to other people. I recognized that at times out of selfishness and fear of losing everything I have worked so hard for I view other people as opponents, not as people who inherently deserve respect for being created in the image of God. I then started to ponder how I have felt or would feel if I was viewed by a stranger as enemy for no apparent reason. I discovered how horrible it is that we hold our things and beliefs over the worth and well being of or fellow individuals. It seems so foolish that we would through this. And from this recognition I realized how the marginalized can be used to promote change and growth within myself and others. (2) Loneliness, the longing for deep connection, perfect love and inner peace does give rise to illusion. Nouwen, illustrates, â€Å"It is sad to see how sometimes people suffering from loneliness, often deepened by the lack of affection in their intimate family circle, search for a final solution for their pains and look at a new friend, a new lover, or a new community with Messianic expectations† (Page 30, Par 2). Here is becomes apparent that when people are suffering from loneliness

Implementing The Network s Security - 873 Words

In the future organization need to take a proactive approach to the network s security. This strategy of safeguarding the network as well as the patient data, such as scanning and social engineering should be mandatory as opposed to best practices. As the case study shows a major breach had a drastic impact on the healthcare organization and efforts should have been made ahead of time to prevent disaster. Organizations should understand security and risk budgeting and learn how to gain support from the board level for the investment needed to protect data. The industry should push the government to include required annual Health Information Trust Alliance (HITRUST) assessments compared to the current HIPAA [7]. HITRUST is an organization developed by healthcare and IT professionals to help healthcare organizations protect patient information better than HIPAA guidelines. If government mandates shifted towards HITRUST standards the healthcare industry as a whole could benefit across t he boards and it can focus more on the patient care and less on the fear of an impending data breach. As mentioned in the previous sections these software and techniques won t 100\% prevent attacks, but they will definitely help prevent and detect attacks beforehand. section{Future of Cybersecurity} There is a growing realization that cybersecurity requires budgetary commitment, sincere collaboration, and a solid plan. If companies and government can work and contribute money a bright futureShow MoreRelatedSecuring Healthcare Networks Against Cyber Attacks Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare Networks against Cyber-Attacks Abstract: In the current era of digitization, with all the data being converted from paper to electronic records, even the healthcare industry has become so dependent on technology. As hospitals are adopting electronic means for data storage, medical results, transactions and billing, utmost care is to be taken to protect a patient’s personal privacy by protecting their electronic health records, which is only possible by enhancing the security and privacyRead MoreNetwork Security For Organizations And Organizations1669 Words   |  7 PagesNETWORK SECURITY FOR ORGANIZATIONS Divya Bhimineni, Bhimi1d@cmich.edu BIS 625 Research in Information Systems College of Business Administration, Department of Business Information Systems Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, MI 48858, USA. Introduction Network Security is an approach and plan for establishing the security for organizations like universities, industries. IT Security Policy is the basis archive for Network Security. Security is a control for protecting networks and systemsRead MoreA Security Plan Policy For An Dod Information Protection From Loss Of Confidentiality, Integrity, And Availability1246 Words   |  5 Pagesof Defense (DoD) is America s oldest and largest government agency, with military traces dating way back to pre-Revolutionary times. The Department of Defense has since grown and evolved with the nation, hence becoming the national’s largest employer with over 1.4 million active duty soldiers, 1.1 million National Guard and Reserve forces, and 718,000 civilian personnel. With such a huge organization does come with a huge network, and security infrastructure network, and the burden to protect theRead MoreMalicious Attack : Malicious Attacks And Threats That Could Be Carried Out Against The Netwo rk1609 Words   |  7 Pagescould be carried out against the network and organization are malicious attack, malicious, and the risk, threats, and vulnerabilities that is carried out against the network and organization. Malicious Attack is an attempt to forcefully abuse or take advantage of someone s computer, whether through computer viruses, social engineering, phishing, or other types of social engineering. Malicious Attack have four general categories of attacks on computer systems and networks. The first it have to fabricationsRead MoreProject : Enhancing Network Security Utilizing Software Defined Networks1257 Words   |  6 PagesState Of Art Project: Enhancing Network security Utilizing Software Defined Networks (SDN) The idea Internet technology was implemented in the early 1970’s. Rapid growth of the Internet is constantly being observed from the past two decades. Internet actually elevated the world of technology to the next level. It became so common that most day-to-day activities were dependent on the Internet. Mass usage of the Internet made things simple and was considered as one of the most reliable sources. ItRead MoreNetwork Security : Information Security1276 Words   |  6 Pages CIS647-NETWORK SYSTEMS COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY Prof : Philip Fitzpatrick By: Suresh Palleboina (21063613) COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY Introduction: Computer network Security is the most essential and complex topic in IT field. 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PAVOL ZAVARSKY SHIREESHA KATAM {skatam@student.concordia.ab.ca}- ID: 130526 DECEMBER 03, 2014 1 Research Statement This research proposal is focused on modelling of SCADA networks by implementing the DBSy modelling method, and risk assessment. 2 Problem Statement SCADA and ICS are the Critical Infrastructures, Which Operates a number of significant resources including fuel, energy, water, airports, and biotech and run many day-day utilitiesRead MoreUnit 5 Assignment 11371 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Unit 5 Assignment 1: Implementing Comprehensive Human Resources Risk Management Plan Human Resources Risk Mitigation: Objective †¢ Human resources policies and practices should reduce the human risk factors in information technology (IT) security and information access controls. Decrease the risk of theft, fraud or misuse of information facilities by employees, contractors and third-party users. Scope †¢ the organization’s human resources policies, taken as a whole, should extend to all the persons

Womens Rights Through History - 1127 Words

HALAC Whitehead 3/27/11 Women’s Voices, Women’s Lives Women’s roles through history have changed and stayed the same in many different ways. Based on evidence from historical documents, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Gilman, â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† by Flannery O’Connor, â€Å"Raising A Son - With Men on the Fringes† by Robyn Marks, â€Å"Self in 1958† by Anne Sexton and modern day examples as well. Overall, since 1880, women’s rights have been a controversial topic based on their power, roles and societal expectations to a very interesting extent. First, a strong example of women’s roles in the late 1800’s is represented in the document â€Å"The Husband Commandments† by H. De Marsan. It gives a fairly accurate portrayal of how†¦show more content†¦The ‘noise’ referring to the loud commands from her husband not giving her freedom at all. The woman is living a life that is sm all and has limited possibilities. Additionally, Raising A Son - With Men on the Fringes by Robyn Marks, Is a portrayal of how the average woman is supposed to raise her children and be expected to maintain the expected behavior that women have. It also shows how women’s roles have changed and that men can be on the ‘fringes’ and get away with it. However if the woman in this story wanted to act like the man, it would have been looked down upon and since she was a black woman she was facing many more struggles then a white single mother would. This reveals how women can’t back out of their responsibilities and have more pressure. On the other hand, in the modern day, women‘s roles are very superficial and based on the perfect image. An example of this is based on â€Å"Seventeen† magazine’s January 2009 issue, it displays the perfect figure by a picture of Beyonce. It has big labels saying ‘Pretty Looks for You’ and ‘ Get Your Best Body’. This shows that today in the modern day women are just basically expected to have the perfect body and looks. Another example would be in the magazine â€Å"Mother Baby,† there is always a picture of the mother and baby and very rarely the father is mentioned in these magazines. This portrays the image that women are supposed to beShow MoreRelatedGender History : Women And Women1602 Words   |  7 PagesGender history focuses on the fundamental idea of what it means to be defined as a man or woman in history. Gender historians are concerned with the different changes that occur within a society, during a particular period of time in regards to the perceived differences between women and men. Also, they are concerned with the impact of gender on various historically important events. Gender history developed because traditional historiography excluded women from ‘universal’ and ‘general’ history. FeminismRead MoreThe Wom en s Rights Movement1547 Words   |  7 PagesFlorida SouthWestern State College The Women’s Rights Movement What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention on the Women’s Rights Movement? Jennifer Flores AMH2010 Mr. Stehlin 16 November 2015 The Women’s Rights Movement began in 1848 with the first assembly of women and men gathering to discuss the civil, social, and other conditions of women. The Seneca Falls Convention was the start of the women’s movement. The two women who organized this event were Lucretia Mott andRead MoreFeminism Throughout History1698 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism Throughout history, women around the globe have been struggling to gain rights that are equal to men in the society. Women have been struggling to obtain respect, equality, and the same rights men have in the society. 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They were currentlyRead MoreWomen Struggles By Nina Revoyr1481 Words   |  6 PagesCourse Unit Date Women Struggles in History In her Novel, Southland, 2003, Nina Revoyr captures the struggles that women, especially those of the Asian American descent, have navigated through history. The novel provides interesting material on many fronts including aspects such as sexuality, multiracial and multigenerational family saga. The book is based upon three women characters with the main protagonist being a young Japanese AmericanRead MoreThe Women Suffrage Movement1745 Words   |  7 PagesThe Women Suffrage Movement The right to vote, the right to go to college, the right to own property. Some people take it as a right that they had all along. That is far from the truth. Suffragists fought long and hard for many years to gain women suffrage. Before the suffrage movement began, women did not have the right to vote, child custody rights, property rights, and more (Rynder). The American Women Suffrage Movement was going to change that. People known as suffragists spoke up, and joinedRead MoreThe First Wave Of Women950 Words   |  4 PagesThere have been numerous women throughout history whom have influenced and helped spread change for feminism. The first wave feminists (from the 1800’s to the early 20th century) started numerous organizations to help and support women’s rights and also helped in part of passing legislations that further aid the rights granted to women. Some of the most important first wave feminists include Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul. The second wave feminists (from the mid 20th century to late 20th century)Read MoreHistorical Perspective Of The Services Provided And The Funding Or Lack Thereof1362 Words   |  6 PagesPerspective of the Services Provided and the Funding or Lack Thereof Planned Parenthood is an organization dedicated to fighting for women’s health and rights as well as equality (History and Success, 2015). Margaret Sanger, an activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse is credited for finding the organization. She knew the effects firsthand of what women went through when dealing with an unwanted pregnancy. Her mother birth eighteen children and out of the eighteen, eleven survived. As a result of having soRead MoreOverview of American History Since Civil War1235 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican History since Civil War Name Professor Institution Course Date American History since Civil War Identify at least two (2) major historical turning points in the period under discussion. There are several historical turning points in the History of the United States of America since the aspect of the civil war. One of the essential historical turning points is the end of the cold war in 1989 thus falling of the Berlin war. Another historical turning point is the aspect of the digitalRead MoreGrace Kirby. Trahan. English 8. 3/22/17. 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Social And Environmental Issues Of Juvenile Delinquency

1. Give a brief explanation of your topic and/or problem in the criminal justice system. There are many problems that contribute to the social and environmental issues of juvenile delinquency. Several factors are youths brought up in poverty stricken and gang infested neighborhoods, exposure to drugs, violence, physical, mental, and emotional abuse, no parental guidance and neglect. A large number of these children commit violent crimes and more than 700,000 are a part of gangs. 40 percent of the juveniles who are incarcerated in America are detained and locked up for minor offenses and technical violations. Researchers refer to genetics being linked to recidivism among serious juvenile offenders opposed to youths engaged in minor offences. This is an ongoing problem for parents, schools, communities and the criminal justice system which has become a dumping ground for troubled youth. The expense of incarcerating juveniles cost the taxpayers between $1.25 million and $1.5 million dollars for the operation of one detention bed over a 20–year time period (Ramirez, 2 008, para. 3). 2. Based on your chosen topic, define and justify through your research the problem and challenges that exist on your topic. Explain the historical issues that have contributed to the problems and challenges of your topic. Delinquency is defined as a social term referring to a pattern of antisocial, and criminal behavior. It is categorized by aggression to people or animals, destruction of property,Show MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency Is A Crime967 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Delinquency is a crime categorize mainly based on age. Juvenile delinquency the definition under the criminal law it generally refers to behavior which shall be subject to criminal penalties for people age under 18 being implemented. Juvenile delinquency is an increasingly common social problem facing the U.S currently. The problem of juvenile delinquency is also very prominent, and the severity of their crimes have been gaining awareness of the whole society. Poor social environment isRead MoreDangerous Classes of New York Essays1074 Words   |  5 Pagesplay guns ‘n’ robbers. His trajectory is as follows: he graduates from sticks and piss-balloons, to g-packs and real guns, to taunting cops with brown bags of excrement, to housecats and lighter fluid, to bold, cold-blooded murder. In the words of social reformer Charles Loring Brace, this boy is one of the dangerous class—an undisciplined, delinquent youth. A creation of David Simon’s for HBO’s crime drama, The Wire, the character of Kenard may be a fictionalization, but his presence adds to theRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency : The United States1458 Words   |  6 Pages Juvenile Delinquency in the United States We live in a world where there is a great deal of investment allotted to our children and our culture tend to be overprotective of our youth. Rightfully so, our younger citizens are considered the building blocks of our nation and the carriers of our legacy in the future. But in spite of stringent laws that seem to protect our youth, other factors such as race, poverty, and environment are catalysts for delinquent youth behavior. Juvenile crime isRead MoreBreaking Down the Walls of Delinquency1685 Words   |  7 Pagescrimes. Sometimes a researcher has to get to what he or she thinks is the root of the problem to figure out what spawns a certain issue. What provokes a child to become delinquent and what makes the child gravitate so easily towards this lifestyle? It is necessary to explore how family life influences juvenile delinquency. Juveniles are more likely to become juvenile delinquents if there is little structure provided for them in their families. Children who are reje cted by their parents, who growRead MoreFor All We Think We Know About Crime There Is Still Much1085 Words   |  5 Pagesat in sociology that helps explain this idea is the knowledge of control theory. This theory helps uncover what processes or environments lead to a life of criminal acts while at the same time it allows for a chance to learn about our world from a social perspective. It will be important to investigate what in fact control theory is, how it applies to the world in a sociological manner and to explore the implication of the theory in real-time crime. As children, we learn to avoid things that willRead MoreThe Problem Of Juvenile Delinquency894 Words   |  4 Pagesmost are just beginning puberty, these young boys and girls are becoming juvenile delinquents because they chose the wrong path or the wrong path was laid out for them. 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Juvenile Delinquency Introduction Juvenile delinquency is a situationRead MoreThe Theory Of Juvenile Delinquency889 Words   |  4 Pagesfound a couple of theories that could be the possible reason for this chaos. The theories of delinquent life course pretty much is the backbone of many other more specific theories in the studying of juvenile delinquency. Next in the book is the latent trait theory, which explains the flow of delinquency over a lifetime. Finally the third theory is a mix of latent trait and life course theory which states there is more then one path to crime and more than one class of offenders. The chapter starts ofRead MoreRochester Youth Development Study: Relationship Between Family and Juvenile Delinquency1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe behavior among juveniles and family problems among their homes is a major issue at hand in our society today. According to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (2010), in the year 2010, 784 juveniles were arrested for murder, 2,198 for rape, and 35,00 1 for aggravated assault. The amount of juveniles being involved in violent crimes is very detrimental to all aspects of our society, but environmental factors are a major component of this issue that needs to be analyzed. The questionRead MoreThe Juvenile Justice System1313 Words   |  6 Pages Today s concept of the juvenile justice system is relatively new due to significant modifications in policy overtime. The justice system has been trying to figure out effective ways to treat juvenile criminal offenders successfully for years. The justice system did not always have a special category for juveniles and their crime. Juveniles was once treated as adults when they committed crimes and were subjected to harsh punishments. The juvenile court was the culmination of efforts of the positivist

Christian Baptist Religion in a Sociological Perspective Free Essays

string(45) " dad is the reason why he lives here in NYC\." Defining the world ‘religion’ is not an easy process, fraught with difficulties. Throughout the ages, many attempts have been made. Often time’s people tend to focus on a very narrow definition that matches the person’s own beliefs but not others. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Baptist Religion in a Sociological Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the reasons it’s notoriously difficult to define because it crosses so many different boundaries in human experience.According to the Miriam Webster dictionary, religion could be identified as ‘a set of ideas concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs’ . Some see religion as a belief, while some understand it as the interaction of belief, behavior and belonging. In other words, what makes religion religion is that it is something people do together.Private beliefs and practices can be referred to as spirituality, but religion is usually social. This project attempts to describe Christian Baptist religion, its main beliefs, values and traditions as a part of an urban lifestyle. ‘Baptists are a group of Christian denominations and churches who subscribe to a theology of believer’s baptism as opposed to infant baptism, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice , and the autonomy of the local church’ .Salvation through faith alone is a principle that distinguishes Christian Baptists from other Christian denominations. It states that God’s forgiveness for sinners is granted through faith alone, to the exclusion of all individual efforts or works. Scripture alone is a belief that the Bible is the only reliable authority for Christian faith, and that it contains all knowledge necess ary for salvation and eternal life. I grew up in a Christian household and consider myself Catholic even though I do not attend church regularly.As I moved to the United States from Europe around seven years ago, I was forced to work on several days including Sundays which didn’t make it easy for me to attend church. Before migrating, I never used to pray at home and so my spiritual life somewhat got off track when I stopped attending church. I became interested specifically in this religion, because of my close friend Jonathan (who I’m going to refer to as JT throughout this paper). JT, a person I can always rely on, is certainly a believer and God plays a huge role in his life.JT, a Baruch student in his twenties, attends a Baptist church regularly and often mentions God in our everyday conversations. He would sometimes justify certain events by saying it was meant to be or that God wants it that way and there’s nothing us humans can do about it. It also appeared fascinating to me how some of us (me for instance) could go through our lives without any serious need to feel connected to ‘something greater’, and simultaneously individuals like my friend JT can’t even think of living their lives without daily prayers and conversations with God or reading the Bible.I also thought it’d be exciting to learn more about Christian Baptist beliefs and be able to compare them to Catholicism since I was raised in such household. Interestingly enough, over ninety five percent of the Polish population is Catholic. Since I was never really exposed to any other types of religion I figured it’d be a great and enlightening experience. Religion could be considered a cultural, social and historical concept, concept sociologists would observe or analyze. Sociology is a study of people, culture and different aspects of human life.In other words it is a study of society. Today’s Woodside Baptist Community Church located in Queens, NY began as a combined effort of only six men from several churches of different denominations around the 1870’s. They were concerned that there was little gospel witness in the area. In 1880 they began a â€Å"Sabbath School which developed into a church over the years. When the train was built on Roosevelt Avenue, the noise was almost unbearable so in the early 1920’s a new location was sought out. A vacant, wet piece of land was found on 58th Street, and the new church was built.The church rectory was built about forty years later†. It is an independent Baptist church. This means that, acknowledging God as the creator, it has a congregational form of government; each member has a say and a vote. It’s a church of approximately fifty members, with around 130 different people attending on a typical Sunday according to Pastor Randall Rose. The mission of the church is ‘to grow in the Grace of Jesus Christ, and to share the Gospel with the neighborhood, the City of New York, and the whole world’.The main believe is that there is one God who exists in three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Jesus is the Son of God, was born of a virgin, lived a sinless life and died in our place as a sacrifice for the sins of all people. He then was buried, arose from the grave, and rose up into Heaven what is celebrated by Christians all over the world during Easter. My friend JT seemed like an obvious candidate for someone who could help me understand another religion. Any previous knowledge I had on the subject was mainly due to the fact that he’s my good friend, and he’s talked to me about his beliefs before. JT believes the main challenge of living in a city is adjusting to the economic living conditions. Products necessary to survive are costly here and it’s hard to get a job on occasions and to afford to live. Assimilating to the New York City culture could be a problem as well, one of the reasons being the attitude of the people that reside here; they are usually pushy, demanding, incredibly independent and blunt.Despite the disadvantages and challenges mentioned above JT said he could not see himself living anywhere else. His dad is the reason why he lives here in NYC. You read "Christian Baptist Religion in a Sociological Perspective" in category "Papers" His father was a diplomat who worked for the United Nations. He gained diplomatic immunity and brought Jonathan’s mother to the States from Indonesia. His father passed away from pancreatic cancer a year ago. JT was born and raised in a Christian-Protestant home. His church’s main belief is that God created our world and that Jesus died on the cross to save our sins. He also accepts the fact that everything happens as a part of God’s plan. There’s a reason why devastating events happen in our personal lives; when my father passed away I believed God took his soul away at that certain point of his life so that he can live a happier life in heaven without physically and emotionally suffering here on Earth’. Even though it only happened over a year ago he seems very at peace with the whole situation. Through his own theodicy he justifies God’s actions and praises his goodness even if it meant dealing with being separated from the person he loved the most – his dad.Growing up, his family would attend church service every Sunday morning as well as prayer and fellowship gatherings at his family houses. Just when he was a child he was taught by his parents, aunts and uncles to believe that God exists and how through salvation and faith the souls of those who believe will enter heaven in the afterlife. JT’s faith wasn’t always as strong as it is today: ‘I started to believe in God in my early teenage years and developed some strong feelings towards God as a young adult; as a toddler I believed because I belonged but through time and many years of praising the Lord I now belong to my religion because I elieve’. JT believes that by following the path of Jesus he will earn himself a right to be blessed.It reflects in his everyday behavior because as he says, he wants to ‘live a blessed life’. My informant doesn’t feel the world is becoming more secular. He rather feels that ‘throughout the world of current events, there are tragic disasters, wars and many diseases that need to be fought. Therefore, many of those who are impoverished or hopeless attempt to find some type of light in a religion to shine upon their lives. The recent events in Haiti could be an example of why more people turn to God for help or guidance. Pastor Randall Rose, a middle aged man with glasses and a bright smile on his face, was a very helpful link in understanding the history of Christian Baptists as well as the reasons why some of their beliefs differ from those of other denominations of Christianity or other faiths. One characteristic that distinguishes Baptists is the belief in the adult baptism of believers.According to Pastor Rose ‘Baptists claim a personal faith in Christ for salvation, and reject the baptism of infants. ’ It is common to believe that only adults or those old enough to comprehend trusting in Christ should be baptiz ed. Some time during the middle ages, biblical scholars became convinced that infant baptism was unscriptural. Pastor Rose supports this theory: ‘the Bible does not mention and there is no record of any babies or even small children being baptized’.As a result of their ‘discovery’ those men who studied the bible began to re-baptize each other. Their explanation was that even though they were baptized as infants, they weren’t able to understand and therefore believe in Jesus Christ. ‘During the middle ages the act of infant baptism was practiced all throughout Europe and in some places it was practically considered to be a part of the rite of citizenship. ’ Consequently those rejecting infant baptism were often accused of disloyalty towards the government.Unfortunately, I wasn’t able to witness the act of baptism during any of my three visits to the Woodside Community Baptist Church. Sarah Witthauer, one of the members who also teaches Sunday school at the church, helped me picture and understand the act of baptism by immersion in water. She was sixteen when she received baptism and admitted that ‘it had a profound effect on the rest of her life’. The whole process takes only about two minutes but according to Sarah ‘it was an extremely intense experience’.During her baptism she professed her belief and trust in one God, renounced evil and promised to lead a new life seeking to put God first in all things. Sarah, who is now twenty one years old, admitted that she ever since she was baptized she became ‘even more religious and feels as if her bond with God became stronger. ’ Having attended both a Catholic Mass and a Baptist church service I have realized there are some striking differences between them. What I noticed right away upon entering the Woodside Community Baptist church was the level of decoration in the sanctuary . From my personal experience I could say all the Catholic churches I have been to are more elaborate, often equipped with paintings, stained glass windows and statues of saints. The only decorations I noticed in the Baptist church I visited were an American flag and flowers in various places around the church. Catholics believe in worshipping icons in the church. Baptists on the other hand believe that ‘all such religious icons are idolatrous’ and therefore reject their use both as decorations and objects of worship. Another one of the more obvious disparities is the communion.Baptists, as I read in a New York Times article, ‘rarely take communion, generally only on special occasions such as Christmas or Easter. ’ The Catholic Church however; usually offers communion at every mass. The length of the religious services also differs for Baptists and Catholics. The services I attended at my friend’s church in Woodside were all over an hour and a half long while I have never been to a Catholic mass longer than one hour with the exception of holidays such as Easter or Christmas. Significant differences can be found in the beliefs of both religions.The Catholic Church emphasizes the salvation through the use of sacraments such as infant baptism, communion etc. While they believe that by participating in those sacraments they can achieve salvation, Baptists recognize salvation as reachable only through faith in Christ. While both religions recognize trinity as one God who exists in three persons (the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit) Baptists distinguish only one type of sin which is any disobedience to God’s commands. Catholics distinguish sins to be mortal (causes spiritual death) and venial (less serious sin). My friend JT informed me that he only prays to God and in the bible there are no examples of prayers to anyone other than God. I know from experience that Catholics pray to not only God and Mary but also numerous saints. Studying religion as a part of sociology really opened up my eyes to some things I was never aware of. As a study of humans and societies all over the globe, sociology helps to show how differentiated of a place Earth really is. New York City is by many considered one of the most unique and diverse ethnically metropolises in the world.So many religions could be found here, one just has to be eager to find a suitable one. It is easy for us humans to comprehend the things common for all cultures, the universals, but through sociology we become able to acquire cultural relativity and comprehend other cultures or religions better. It is important to be aware of your surroundings, especially in New York City where one has almost an infinite number of choices when it comes to believing in the cause, nature and purpose of the universe. How to cite Christian Baptist Religion in a Sociological Perspective, Papers

Dark Child free essay sample

Ideology-Countries whose history is strongly marked by western European immigration or settlement, such as the Americans, and the Australians, and is not restricted to Western Europe (Wikidpedia. org). Many countries around the world have been influenced by the western ideology. Western Ideology includes components such as literary, education, political and philosophical views, and most of all, religion. In the autobiography, â€Å"The Dark Child†, Camara Laye, is a person who faces these types of challenges. He becomes stuck between his own traditional and the western ideologies. In the Dark Child, Camara Laye’s youth and development of his cultural and personal values as a young man is explained. He is part of the Malinke tribe in the village of Koroussa in Upper Guinea and is eldest out of many brothers and sisters. In the beginning, he learns about many of the traditions and customs his people. He is told about Totemism-the fact that everybody has a spiritual animal that is chosen by the person’s character. While learning about his people, he has attends a Koran school and then a French school in another part of town. Later in the book, he learns about Konden Diara- a ceremony that is a ritual used to conquer a boy’s fear before the initiation of circumcision. He undergoes the ritual and circumcision-represents a rite of passage –a boy is now a man. After graduating from his school, Laye leaves at 15 years of age to attend a technical college in Guineas capital city of Conakry. Like any mother, Layes warns him to be careful with strangers and sends him off on a train to live with his Uncles Sekou and Mamadou in Conakry where he comes across many cultural changes. In the school, in a new city for the first time in his experience, Laye encounters difficult language barriers and a hot, humid climate more taxing and oppressive than that in his Koroussa home. He also seeks changes during the day where people at their work are dressed in a Western style, but in boubou’s when they come home from work. Laye lives the life of a typical college school student, studying at the schools campus and returning home to Koroussa during the holidays. When he returns, he sees the transformation within his family and friends. Later, he finishes his studies in Conakry and is offered a once in a lifetime opportunity to study in France. His mother greatly disapproves, but Laye and his father convinces his mother. At the end of the book, Laye leaves for France, and promises to himself that he will return to his people. As I was reading the book, it made realize the position of Africa and where it stood as a country. I felt distinctly as I was reading throughout the book, western values and traditions were overrunning the traditions of not only Africa but Laye’s life as well. Since the beginning of the book, he not an ordinary child in the village peoples eyes. He was one of the many who was sent out to attend school and be educated. His father knew what was to come of Africa, modernization. In my opinion, I think his father placed Laye in school for the purpose to contribute to his people, as oppose to being a goldsmith like himself. As he moved to Conakry, he moved in with his uncle Mamadou. His uncle lived in a European-style house. Was it unfamiliarity, or the humid heat of the town, or the fatigue of two days in the train that kept me from sleeping? Yet it was a very comfortable house: the room I slept in was large, and the bed soft, softer than any I had previously slept on† (147). Laye was astonished about his living headquarters. He was not used to this style and roominess. As I earlier stated, people in Conakry dressed differently during the day than at home. It took him a little while to get used to this as well. Later in the book, he woul d return home during the holidays. As he came back, he noticed that his mother had been plastered with white clay. â€Å"Originally it had been like the other huts, but gradually it began to acquire a European look† (169). His was trying to adapt to the style of the west through her son’s experience in Conakry. She was expressing not only her love for Laye, but also her feelings toward the western tradition. While he was in his village, one of his friends’ Chet was seriously ill. The medicine men gave him remedies and charms to help her but there was no significant change at all. Laye and his other friend knew that he had to see a white doctor at the hospital. Chet passed away after a week. Because of Laye’s education from the west, he knew that the medicine men were insufficient. From experiences and education of the west, he has become a man with wisdom of both cultures. â€Å"The Dark Child† is a wonderful journey through Camara Laye’s personal experiences. It shares many of his experiences and challenges through his life as a youth and young man. I really enjoyed the book and thought it was really educating.